The process of excavation at a construction site involves a comprehensive understanding of various aspects including centerline and excavation drawings, setting out plans on the ground, soil excavation, and removal procedures. Quality assurance checks such as recording ground levels and ...
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Compressive Strength of Mortar -Mix Ratio and Cube Test
Take 200gm of cement and 600gm of standard sand in the proportion 1:3 by weight) in a pan. (The standard sand shall be of quartz, of light, gray or whitish variety and shall be free from silt. The sand grains ...
Thermoplastic Composites in Construction – Types, Properties, Uses
Thermoplastic composites represent a highly ductile material capable of being repaired even after prolonged service. Characterized by their high toughness, substantial strength, and the unique ability to be remolded and recycled, these materials emerge as an optimal choice in various ...
Penetration Value of Bitumen -Determination for Road Construction
Penetration value test on bitumen is a measure of hardness or consistency of bituminous material. A 80/100 grade bitumen indicates that its penetration value lies between 80 & 100.
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) in Construction, Types and Uses
An FRP composite is defined as a polymer that is reinforced with a fibre. The primary function of fibre reinforcement is to carry load along the length of the fiber and to provide strength and stiffness in one direction. FRP ...
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR A DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT
Energy audits play a crucial role in identifying opportunities for energy efficiency improvements in buildings. The audit process is comprehensive and iterative, typically involving several tasks tailored to the specific type and function of the building being assessed. While the ...
COMMON ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES
In this subsection, various energy conservation measures (ECMs) commonly recommended for commercial and industrial facilities are discussed. It should be noted that the list of ECMs presented below is not exhaustive or comprehensive. Rather, it is provided to indicate options ...
Circular Prestressing
Circular Prestressing” is employed to denote the prestressing of circular structures such as pipes and tanks where the prestressing wires are wound in circles. In contrast to this term, “linear prestressing” is used to include all other types of prestressing, ...
Design of Steel Tanks
Design of Steel Tanks Steel tanks are defined as vessels made of steel plates, utilized for storing various liquids such as water, petroleum, diesel, and kerosene oil. These tanks may be either placed on the ground or elevated on towers. ...
Cement Types and Characteristics of Cements
Types of Portland Cement Different types of Portland cement are manufactured to meet specific purposes, as outlined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Designation C150, which specifies eight types: Type Name Type I Normal Type IA Normal, ...